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- FACT SHEET: MARS OBSERVER February 1992
-
-
- A NASA mission to study the surface, atmosphere, interior
- and magnetic field of Mars for a full Martian year is being
- readied at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for a 1992 Titan
- III launch.
- Mars Observer will use a new class of spacecraft derived
- from Earth-orbiter designs. These missions will be of modest
- cost and are intended to explore objects of the inner solar
- system such as Venus, the Moon, Mars and near-Earth asteroids and
- comets.
- Mars Observer will continue NASA's exploration of the red
- planet, which began with the Mariner 4 mission in l964-65, and
- continued with Mariners 6 and 7 in l969 and Mariner 9 in l97l-72.
- This program reached a peak with the Viking orbiters and landers
- of l975-82. The Soviet Union in 1988 also sent spacecraft to
- orbit Mars and visit its inner satellite Phobos.
- The Mariners and Vikings provided a wealth of data about
- Mars. New global studies of the planet's geology and atmosphere
- are expected to give scientists even more information about the
- planet's evolution. One subject of particular interest is the
- role that water once played on Mars. While there is no liquid
- water on the surface of Mars now, the Mariner and Viking missions
- found ample evidence that liquid flowed there long ago.
- Scientists also want to compare the planetary neighbors
- Venus, Earth and Mars. Data from Mars Observer may help
- scientists understand why Venus, the Earth and Mars have evolvedto be such different planets.
- Mars Observer will use the expendable commercial Titan III
- launch vehicle. In September l992, a Titan III will carry Mars
- Observer and its booster into Earth orbit. From there, the
- Transfer Orbit Stage will boost the spacecraft into an
- interplanetary orbit leading to Mars.
- After an ll-month cruise, Mars Observer will arrive at the
- red planet and be placed in a large elliptical orbit. Then the
- orbit will be carefully adjusted through several intermediate
- steps, taking several months, until the spacecraft circles above
- Mars about every two hours. This mapping orbit will be sun-
- synchronized, so that sunlight will be at the same angle (early
- afternoon directly below the spacecraft) on the day side
- throughout the mission.
- The scientific mission will last for one Martian year
- (almost 669 Mars days, or 687 Earth days). This will allow Mars
- Observer to examine the planet through the four seasons.
- Mars Observer's science objectives are to:
- * Determine the global elemental and mineralogical
- character of the surface material;
- * Define the global topography and gravitational
- field;
- * Establish the nature of the magnetic field;
- * Determine the time and space distribution,
- abundance, sources and sinks of volatile
- material and dust over a seasonal cycle;
-
- * Explore the structure and aspects of the
- circulation of the atmosphere.
- Scientific investigations have been selected by NASA to
- carry out studies to meet those objectives. Mars Observer carries
- seven instruments:
- * A gamma-ray spectrometer will measure the
- abundance of elements (uranium, thorium,
- potassium, iron and silicon, for example) on the
- surface of Mars. William V. Boynton of the
- University of Arizona is the team leader. The
- instrument is managed by NASA's Goddard
- Space Flight Center and was built by the
- Martin Marietta Astronautics Group.
- * A thermal-emission spectrometer will map the
- mineral content of surface rocks, frosts and
- the composition of clouds. Philip R.
- Christensen of Arizona State University is the
- principal investigator. The Santa Barbara
- Research Center is the instrument contractor.
- * A line-scan camera will make low-resolution
- images of Mars on a daily basis for studies of
- the climate, and medium- and high-resolution
- images of selected areas to study surface
- geology and interactions between the surface and
- the atmosphere. Michael C. Malin of Malin Space
- Science Services is principal investigator. The instrument was built by the California Institute of
- Technology.
- * A laser altimeter will determine the topographic
- relief of the Martian surface. David E. Smith
- of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center is the
- principal investigator. The instrument was built
- by the Goddard Space Flight Center.
- * A pressure-modulator infrared radiometer will
- measure dust and condensates in the atmosphere,
- as well as profiles of temperature, water vapor
- and dust opacity as they change with latitude,
- longitude and season. Daniel J. McCleese of
- JPL is the principal investigator. The
- instrument was built by JPL.
- * A radio-science investigation will use the
- spacecraft radio with an ultrastable oscillator
- built by the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns
- Hopkins University to measure atmospheric
- refractivity as it varies with altitude to
- determine the temperature profile of the
- atmosphere, and will use tracking data to
- measure the gravity field of Mars. G. Leonard
- Tyler of Stanford University is the team leader.
- * A magnetometer and electron reflectometer will
- determine the nature of the magnetic field of
- Mars, and its interactions with the solar wind.
-
- Mario H. Acuna of NASA's Goddard Space Flight
- Center is the principal investigator. The
- magnetometer was built by Goddard Space Flight
- Center and the electron reflectometer by the
- French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales.
- Six investigations that cross over the lines of specific
- scientific disciplines will examine overlapping interests. They
- are:
- * Geosciences. Michael H. Carr, U.S. Geological
- Survey.
- * Surface-atmosphere interactions. Bruce M.
- Jakosky, University of Colorado.
- * Atmosphere and climatology. James B. Pollack,
- NASA's Ames Research Center.
- * Polar atmospheric sciences. Andrew P.
- Ingersoll, California Institute of Technology.
- * Surface weathering. Raymond A. Arvidson,
- Washington University.
- * Surface processes and Geomorphology. Laurence A.
- Soderblom, U.S. Geological Survey.
- In addition to the spacecraft-based scientific program, Mars
- Observer will participate in an ambitious international Mars
- investigation through an agreement with France and the
- Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This participation is
- the Mars Balloon Relay Experiment.
- The CIS Mars '94 mission will deploy balloon-borneinstrument packages in the atmosphere of Mars. During their
- operating lifetime, they will transmit data to a CIS orbiter and
- to the Mars Observer spacecraft. Special equipment on the Mars
- Observer spacecraft, supplied by the Centre Nationale d'Etudes
- Spatiales, will receive the balloon data. Mars Observer's camera
- will format the balloon measurements (as if they were a digital
- picture) for storage and later transmission to Earth, where they
- will be converted back into balloon instrument readings.
- The Mars Observer spacecraft design is based on those of
- General Electric communications satellites and defense mapping
- satellites, modified for the Mars mission. At launch, antenna
- and instrument booms and solar arrays are folded close to the
- spacecraft bus, which is box-shaped and approximately 2.9 by 2.9
- by 3.2 meters (9.5 by 9.5 by 10.5 feet) in size. The main
- communications antenna is raised on a 6-meter (20-foot) boom to
- clear the 3.7-by-6.5-meter solar array, which is fully unfolded
- only after the spacecraft reaches its mapping orbit around Mars.
- Most electronic subsystems use proven designs from previous
- satellite applications. The total spacecraft mass after launch
- and injection is about 2500 kilograms (5500 pounds).
- The Deep Space Network, a worldwide system of antenna and
- space communication stations operated for NASA by JPL, will
- provide tracking and data acquisition for the Mars Observer
- mission.
- Mission operations for Mars Observer and other planetary
- observers will be conducted in a new multimission facility, the
-
- JPL Advanced Multimission Operations System. During the more than
- three years of the mission, scientists and experimenters will be
- able to participate from their home institutions via electronic
- links to the operations center.
- At the home institution of each principal investigator or
- team leader, a science operations planning computer will provide
- the scientist with as much control of the instrument and
- experiment as feasible within operational, resource and security
- constraints.
- Each principal investigator or team leader will devise the
- proper sequences for operating the instrument. At the operations
- center, the sequences will be checked for authenticity and proper
- operation, and transmitted to the spacecraft via the Deep Space
- Network. Scientific data from the spacecraft will be routed to
- the science operations computer at the investigator's institution
- for analysis. JPL will maintain a project database to provide
- access to all data, both as received and as reduced, for all Mars
- Observer investigators.
- The cost of design, development and fabrication has been
- minimized by using existing spacecraft designs developed for
- Earth-orbiting satellite missions. Engineering modifications and
- the addition of science instruments have transformed the Earth-
- orbiter design into a spacecraft capable of traveling to and
- conducting experiments at other bodies in the inner solar system.
- JPL manages Mars Observer for the Solar System Exploration
- Division of NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications. JPLhas designed and will conduct the mission.
- The Astro Space Division of General Electric in East
- Windsor, N.J., is the spacecraft contractor.
- NASA's Lewis Research Center will supply the Titan III
- launch vehicle through a commercial launch services contract with
- Martin Marietta Commercial Titan, Inc., Denver, Colo.
- NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center will supply the upper
- stage to propel Mars Observer out of Earth orbit. That stage is
- the Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS), developed by Orbital Sciences
- Corporation (OSC) of Vienna, Va., as a privately financed
- venture. OSC's contractor for the stage is Martin Marietta
- Astronautics Group, Denver.
- Mars Observer's project manager is David D. Evans; Dr. Arden
- Albee of the California Institute of Technology is the project
- scientist.
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- 2/11/92 JHW
-